Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Safety and biodistribution of intrathecal administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neurotrophin-releasing nanoparticles in a porcine CSF-guided delivery model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) drug discovery

doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40196-0

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physicochemical characterization of PEGylated NT3-BDNF nanoparticles over 28 days (40 320 min) after formulation. ( A ) Loading efficiency of BDNF (open circles) and NT3 (filled circles) in PEGylated NT3–BDNF nanoparticles, determined by ELISA. ( B ) Representative TEM image of PEGylated NT3–BDNF nanoparticles deposited 24 h after formulation (magnification 50,000x; scale bar is 100 nm), showing a dispersed morphology maintained throughout the 28-day period. ( C ) Time-dependent changes in the hydrodynamic diameter ( d H ) of PEGylated NT3–BDNF nanoparticles measured by MADLS. The peak intensity data (open and filled points) correspond to the same nanoparticle population and reveal a bimodal size distribution, reflecting both smaller and larger particle fractions.The d H values were calculated from the Stokes–Einstein equation at pH 7.4 and ionic strength 0.15 M (293 K). Individual points indicate nanoparticle diameter distributions obtained from eight independent samples. ( D )Zeta potential (ζ) of the nanoparticles measured in PBS buffer and calculated using Henry’s equation at an ionic strength of 0.15 M. Dashed lines serve as visual guides. All syntheses were performed in six replicates, and error bars represent mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Article Snippet: The concentration of the neurotrophins was measured with immunoenzymatic test ELISA (cat no. DY992, DY990, DY994, DY999, DY995, WA126, DY006, DY248, DY267, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA).

Techniques: Formulation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Zeta Potential Analyzer, Standard Deviation